The Fine Structure Constant + Homage to Weinberg, Adams and Laughlin

In our last post, we delved into the subject of the "Fine Structure Constant" and just how much can the "FS Constant" deviate before the (our) Universe comes apart and decouples - thus causing the cessation of existence?

Naturally, we resorted to the great works of giants such as Steven Weinberg (see "The First Three Minutes").

In his classic, rigorous physical description of the "Frames" (hence we shall refer to these as the "Weinberg Framework") of the changing nature and temperature of the universe we find that the Universe has been evolving. Hypothesis: If the Planck Temperature (or Universal Temperature) has been decreasing since the first microseconds of the Universe, how has the FS Constant changed over this time.

To determine the dependency of the FS Constant (also known as "alpha"), we used the formula for the so-called Planck Temperature and used it to relate to a "Universal temperature" over the first six (and only) frames of the Weinberg Framework. Using this relationship, we developed an equation to describe the variation in the FS Constant over this time. (See bitmap diagram below).

This equation is dependent if and only if ("iff") the electronic charge, the speed of light, the Gravitational constant and the permittivity of free space are unvarying and unchanging throughout this time.

Using this hypothetical basis, one can "calculate" new values for the FS Constant over the Weinberg Framework first six frames of the Universe since the Big Bang. These will be given in the bitmap chart below:

These are purely hypothetical calculated values for the FS Constant over the Weinberg Framework frames 1 through 6.

Which gave us an opportunity to develop a log equation and graph attempting to demonstrate the relationship of the Planck Temperature/"Universal temperature" over the early time frames of the Universe. See below:

Where y = -6E+63Ln(x) + 3E+64 (Where the "R-squared" value is only a miserable 0.4032, but this is only a trendline analysis and not an actual data-fit curve).

Addendum (as of 9/11/2006): If it is possible that alpha has varied logarithmically over the first several cosmic decades...is this a new definition for inflation?

Was the expansion of the universe exponential as a result of the relatively rapid changes in the relationships of the Fine Structure Constant? This seems paradoxical as the Universe was expanding and cooling at the same time.

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The Fine Structure Constant of the Universe

In the Physics/Perspectives section of the 28 July 2006 edition of Science (Vol 313) author David Kleppner (MIT, Dept. of Physics) reports in his article "A More Precise Fine Structure Constant" that the dimensionless quantity (or ratio) known as the fine structure constant has been measured to an uncertainty of 0.76 parts per trillion (B. Odom, D. Hanneke, B. D'Urso, G. Gabrielse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 030801 (2006).


The constant (or ratio) is expressed as given above.

What is intriguing to us about this constant is that if it were different by even a factor of ten, this universe would not exist.

And, this "constant" could not have existed in the time of the Big Bang and for several eons afterward as it is an expression of the relationship between the charge of the electron, the speed of light and Planck's constant. The universe was in a very, very dynamic state of flux during those original times and formative eons. The alpha (fine structure constant) ratio could not have existed in those times and must have formed over the period of time when matter and energy began to cool down and form into baryons, leptons and other distinct particles.

The thermodynamic equilibrium and the entropy of the non-local (or global) universe must have its origins with the background radiation temperature and fine structure constant (ratio) of the universe.

If (big if) the universe is "built" of embedded curved surfaces in a large surface as we suggested in our previous posting(s), the universe will continue to change. Eventually, the current universe may even undergo a phase change and increase the size of the so-called fine structure constant by altering the ratio between the speed of light in the newly forming phase structure of the global universe.

This proposed (hypothetical) change will bring about a universal global cooling or warming of the universe and ultimately affect the charge of the universal electrons. (Not to be confused with the current greenhouse theory of global warming of our planet - this warming is locally confined to our local environment).

A phase change in the global universal phase structure must bring about changes in the Planck constant, electron charge and even relativistic effects related to observations of electron charge.

In other words, even if we were able to do it, traveling along the current spacetime curvature to some future light cone might lead to an abrupt transition in the phase structure of the universe along that boundary curve. Ultimately, observing a future light cone might be catastrophic if one were to observe the future phase change of the universe. Traveling along this spacetime curvature might actually bring the observers in contact with a future, unexpected phase change of the universe. The current fine structure constant might conceivably change beyond its unknown boundaries. The nuclear structure of the global universal material might begin to fly apart.

Time travelers, beware...

Another implication suggested by Kleppner is what are the boundary conditions for this fine structure constant. We do not currently know now nor in the forseeable future.

If the inverse fine structure were to change by as much as 0.000000001 parts or even 0.00000001 parts (say in one of the proposed hypothetical phase change mechanisms above, would the universe retract or fly apart in an abrupt phase change. That is, if by observation a future light cone along the spacetime curvature, would some unsuspecting physicists bring about the end of the universe by altering the fine structure constant to the above mentioned parts. We just don't know.

Future cosmologists and physicists beware...

Homage to Gauss: Theorema Egregium ("Remarkable Theorem")

The great mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss once wrote his great theory about the curvature of spaces - the Theorema Egregium ("The Remarkable Theorem"). Gauss wrote how different curved surfaces could not "mate" with each other in simple 3D space.

Does this imply that space is not Euclidean, and is in fact hyperbolic? The implications would be that Omega-zero would be less than one and that space (and the Universe and everything in it) would begin to stop accelerating and begin retracting at some point along the space-time curvature.

It seems that this would be the case if before the (previous) Big Bang, some curved surfaces were to be embedded in the intial spacelike curve/event horizon. The forces created between these different (energy) surfaces would have provided thrust for the intial Big Bang. Dark Energy from the bulk surrounding the incompatible surfaces would have provided further negative energy - or an emerging energy vacuum thus providing the impetus for the expansion and inflation of the universe during/after the (initial/previous) Big Bang.

Fortunately the light cones of either event are beyond our observable event horizon. (Or is this unfortunate?). Traveling along some point on the space-time curvature would theoretically provide us with the vantage point from which to observe this future light cone. Which your author suspects is probably true due to the implications of the Theorema Egregium. Certain curvatures are incompatible and do not meet and match. Eventually, the light cone would become observable along this incompatible stretch of curvature in the space-time curvature and the apparent Euclidean curvature of our observable local space-time geometry.

More to come...? 8/3/06

Does the Universe Have a Shape?

Does the universe have a shape?

In a few years past, there was some recent interesting theorizing and speculation outlined in a National Geographic article. The shape of the universe was theorized to be like a dodecahedron - or even like a "soccer ball". This determination seems to have been partly made by observations of the CMWB (cosmic microwave radiation background). That is if one could travel outside of the proposed boundaries of the universe, one would see a boundary shape like a dodecahedron.

This sounds a bit like a cosmic Pandora's box. If one were to travel beyond this theoretical boundary, well just what would one find surrounding the dodecahedron? Dark matter? Dark energy? It seems it wouldn't be anything like our "normal" universe to which we are accustomed.

Could this be a true source for the dark (negative) energy of universe that provides for the force for the continuous expansion and acceleration of space? Was this the energy source for the inflation of the universe after the Big Bang?

One could speculate - I suppose - that for an initial singularity to come into existence (and then explode) that there had to be an initial boundary condition created by an event horizon. In this case, an initial event horizon might actually be an open yet spacelike curve. The initial hyberbolic spacelike curve existed outside of a timelike curve. This curvature provided a degree of freedom for the initial event horizon to form.

This one degree of freedom and initial event horizon created the initial singularity from which exploded the Big Bang. Dark energy provided by the negative hyperbolic spacelike curve provided the inflation needed to power the Big Bang. The negative hyperbolic spacelike curve also created an opportunity for energy from the Big Bang to create initial embedded surfaces in the event horizon. These embedded surfaces probably had a positive curvature to bind to the intial negative spacelike curve, creating space. The acceleration created the effect of a timelike curve in the embedding of the new positive curvatures forming in the initial spacelike curve. In essence, these positive curvatures created the new effects of gravity and acceleration in the newly forming space which was to become the universe.

A boundary implied by the initial event horizon implies that the intial space created a growing open universe along with the newly formed forces of acceleration and gravitation.

To be continued...? 7/30/06

The Existence of The Universe